Standards for law enforcement

The theory of Broken Windows was first introduced in May 1982 by George L. Kelling and James Q. Wilson published by “The Atlantic Monthly” in an article titled Broken Windows:  The police and Neighborhood safety. The theory convey the idea that one broken window can become many. Kelling and Wilson argued that by reinforcing the security in selected neighborhood  and taking measure for minors offenses police can reduce the crime rates.

In the seventies the city of New Jersey presented a program that could help to maintain and promote the life quality of communities. As part of this program police were assigned to foot patrol in selected neighborhoods. This act was taken by some departments as a punishment, because of the difficulties that policemen had to face. Some experts claimed that foot patrol didn’t have a big impact in reducing crime rates but it help with the improvement of the feeling of safety in some residents.  The main purpose of this policemen were to maintain the order in places where people feel so unprotected that they had to put piece of glass and razor in their windows to prevents vandals to enter their properties and harm them. In this kind of neighborhoods the main people on the streets were the regulars ones and strangers which pass everyday in their way to work. There were some regulation that were implemented to help in the community’s order and safety. The majority of which were not talking or bothering people who were waiting for the bus or lottering. People were told not to drink on main streets but they were allowed to in sidewalks and the bottles had to be in paper bags. Anyone who violate this rules were taking down to the police station. Residents help to enforce this rules by alerting the patrols officers and later make the violator feel ashamed of their acts. Wilson and Kelling believed that they could modify vandals behavior by imposing rules that not only minimize their act but control them. This face to face act with residents give them the sense of security and protection, changing their silence to actual words that helped the police identify violations and vandalism.

In the actuality the broken windows theory and other policing strategies despite of their effectiveness have remained controversial. Arguments have been made for critics that applying the broken window’s style of policing have negative or insignificant impact for the resident living in the impacted areas. Many reformers and especially tempted to reduce the corruption in the police departments. In the last ten years what Kelling and Wilson called “the safe and clean program” have deteriorated. It is important to note that some reformers have take advantages of this decline. It been said that in the new government of Trump this theory have been helping the new immigration policies.  Durkin from the New York daily post claim that “The city should stop making arrests for minor offenses like fare beating to avoid setting more people up for deportation”. Once people get arrested the police send their fingerprints to the feds if they are charged with criminal offenses. For this new government that is call cleaning but for many families that is unfair. Many others problems have been presented within the last years, and there is no one willing to stand up to this form of policing.

Work cited

Durkin, Erin. “Pol: NYC's Broken Windows Policing Helps Trump Deport Immigrants.” NY Daily News, NEW YORK DAILY NEWS, 22 Feb. 2017, www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/nyc-broken-windows-policing-helps-trump-deport-immigrants-article-1.2978783.   Web 3 nov 2017

Kelling, George L, and James Q Wilson. “Broken Windows.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, Mar. 1982, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1982/03/broken-windows/304465/. Web 3 nov 2017

McMaken, Ryan. “The Broken Windows Theory of Policing Has Failed.” Mises Institute, 14 July 2016, mises.org/blog/broken-windows-theory-policing-has-failed. Web 3 nov 2017

Delivery companies in NYC

Culture of Eating

There are currently 9 leading top food delivery service companies that cater to New Yorkers hunger calls. 10, if you include Arcade which has now taken a hiatus with deliveries until further notice. This long list of now powerhouse names, include companies such as Caviar, Maple, Uber Eats, DoorDash, Postmates, Ando, Seamless, Grubhub and lastly Amazon Prime Now. Due to the changing culture of preferring to stay in rather than dine out, delivery services has taken off unexpectedly! Restaurateurs have seen a shift in sales. The once abundance of foot traffic has now geared more towards higher delivery sales therefore changing the culture of restaurants, which has now resulted in a new culture of eating.

Nearly everyone in the world today has a phone, ranging from eldest to youngest somehow it has become a way of life. “Roughly three-quarters of Americans (77%) now own a smartphone” (Smith). With more than half of Americans having smart phones, one would expect this to impact the way Americans eat as well. People now use their phone to hail cabs, go shopping, get groceries delivered, pay bills, listen to music, take selfies and now feed themselves with a simple tap of a button. As the way of living shifts towards online or more delivery based services, this means the culture of eating will follow as well. “There’s a global trend towards delivery,” said Jason Droege, vice president of UberEverything, the division under which UberEats operates. “As people use mobile phones more and more for everything in their lives, we’re starting to see a secular change in how people eat.” (Issac) Cooking an at home meal from scratch is no longer becoming desirable when the availability of food is so accessible. The convenience of what a phone has done for people has made labor in any form a loathsome chore. With changing times approaching, restaurants are adapting to transformative way of eating.

Works Cited:

Smith, Aaron . “Record shares of Americans now own smartphones, have home broadband.” Pew Research Center , 12 Jan. 2012, www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/12/evolution-of-technology/.

Issac, Mike . “One Surprise Standout for Uber: Food Delivery.” NYTimes, 23 Sept. 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/09/23/technology/ubereats-food-delivery.html.

Heart of New York

Karina Castillo
English 112
10/01/2017

Central Park

           The interesting Central Park is an urban park. This Park is one of my favorite park,  because of the world's greatest man-made natural landscapes. This park was stablished in 1857.  It has a Vision of a great City. Central park was built in the heart of the New York, because is located in the middle of Manhattan, New York City between 59th and 110th street and fifth and eighth avenues. It is 0.5 miles wide and 2.5 miles long. In 1858, Landscape architect and writer Frederick Law Olmsted and the English architect/landscape designer Calvert Vaux won a design competition to improve and expand the park with a plan that they tittle "Greensward Plan" which was selected as the winning design.

          The first public area was open in winter of 1858. As I have read the park consists of a Zoo too, skating rinks, paddle boat, children playground, extensive walking tracks, a wildlife sanctuary and number of other landmarks. The park has its own wildlife and a number of migratory birds visit the park. This Park has its own New York City Police Department Precinct to keep safe the people that walks inside the park. This is my favorite park because it has many areas with different activities that you can come with your kids and play with them. A lot of musicians comes to play music that helps people to relax. A lot of quiet places where you can study. A lot of people do exercises, to keep in shape.





Work Cited

Blackmar, Barbara and Rosenzweig, Roy ''Central Park History Overview'' CentralPark.com ND,
http://www.centralpark.com/visitor-info/park-history/overview/Web October 27, 2017


Sowder, Adam "History and Development of New York's Central Park'' Thought.com March 03, 2017 https://www.thoughtco.com/central-park-overview-1435534 Web October 27, 2017


Pen, Peter (Tour guide in Central Park) " The Early History Of New York City's Central Park" Centralparktoursnyc.com October 14, 2016 http://www.centralparktoursnyc.com/central-park-history/ Web October 27, 2017

Reasons for the Migration

The great migration is considered as a significant black history in the US, were more than six million African Americans migrated from the south to the northern part of the US. Several factors participated in the movement of these people. Most African Americans were working on cotton farms in the south as farmers in the late 1800’s. Farming was the main source of income, not many options were available to them and that’s mainly due to discrimination. This is because of racism was at its peak in the US. High colored jobs were mainly done by white Caucasians so the farms were there main source of income and in the late 1800,s that was no longer available. In 1898 the tiny boll weevil invaded Texas and proceeded to eat its way east across the South. Crops were devastated, thousands of agricultural workers thrown off the and the long reign of King Cotton as the region’s economic backbone was finally brought to an end. This economic impact and the racism in the south as mentioned in the article Great Migration, “The Great Migration, or the relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North, Midwest and West from 1916 to 1970, had a huge impact on urban life in the United States. Driven from their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities and harsh segregationist laws, many blacks headed north, where they took advantage of the need for industrial workers”. During this time the First World War just started and industrial workers were needed in the north to supply equipment’s needed for the war. Most migrants see this as an opportunity to make a better living and also gaining as racism was not as bad in the North compared to the South. This relocation resulted in a massive demographic shift across the United States. Cities such as New York, Detroit, Chicago and Cleveland saw a huge percentage increase in African American community population and the number of African Americans employed in industrial jobs doubled.

 The Great Migration had such an effect on almost every aspect of our lives — from the music that we listen to the politics of our country to the ways the cities even look and feel, even today. The sub-urbanization and the ghettos that were created as a result of the limits of where African-Americans could live in the North still exist today. And the South was forced to change, in part because they were losing such a large part of their workforce through the Great Migration.

Work Cited

“The Great Migration” http://www.inmotionaame.org/print.cfm;jsessionid=f830449901508869046508?migration=8&bhcp=1

Who had the idea of building the Statue of Liberty?

The Statue of Liberty was a gift from France to the United States.  In 1865, Edouard de Laboulaye, a moderate French republican leader, best known as the "Father of the Statue of Liberty," was the first man who proposed the idea of a monument for the United States. According to the National Park Service online page, "Laboulaye was a prominent and important political thinker in his time, a leading expert on the U.S. Constitution, and an abolitionist and supporter of President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War" (NPS.gov). Laboulaye who was one of the Époque precursors of liberty was excited for the United States encouragement and struggles for they independence.

In spite of the repressive monarchy of France at that time, Édouard de Laboulaye believed in the "common law of free peoples". In other words, Laboulaye was convinced that everybody is born with the right to freedom. He struggled for his own goals and contributed to America’s constitution. Consequently, Laboulaye was pushing for the return of democracy to France because he wanted France to learn from the United States beating, struggles and triumphs (NPS.gov).

Work Cited

“Statue of Liberty”. National Park Service, NPS.gov. ND. U.S. Department of the Interior. Web.21 Oct 2017

A Comparison of affordable living in Houston verses New York

By observing another city’s economy and living standards, such as with Houston, we can compare the pros and cons. This is done to get an idea of what is measured as affordable, expensive and/or cheaper in order to determine if New York is a reasonable and affordable place to live in.

Some of the strengths of Houston compared to New York is that it is more massively populated than New York. Houston has grown 19.4 percent over New York at 2.7 percent. This growth shows that expansion continues to progress and more people are flocking to Houston. Houston’s economy has a great concentration on manufacturing and construction. They produce electronics, foods, machinery and have a retail market twice the size of Manhattan. However, Houston falls short with most weather extremely humid and peaking over the high 90’s and lower wage earnings. New York by comparison is centered on specialized services, insurance and finance that give NY an economic advantage to pay workers double the wages than that of Houston. Although, New Yorkers may earn more, their high retail markets, small rental spaces and/or apartments, high taxes and heavy transportation leaves a hole in your budget especially for fuel.

As Houston’s family income is lower, the cost for housing is lower. “Housing prices are the most important part of Houston's recipe for middle-class affordability” (Glaesar). This means that you can buy an affordable home or apartment and reap the benefits of a big house with more square footage, four or more bedrooms, huge yard, swimming pool, etc. Houston is a city of construction and building whereas New York is more expensive and costs much more to produce affordable housing with policies, regulations and environmental agencies that makes it strenuous and complicated. It is apparent that Houston’s developmental growth of affordable living is their greatest asset and allows families to live decent lifestyles and not so much of pay check to pay check. Although it depends on one’s own personal preference as to where a person chooses to live, if New York wisened up and reduced building costs that would allow for more affordable living it would make all families of all incomes feel welcomed, secured and happy New Yorkers.

Work Cited

Glaeser, Edward. “Houston, New York Has a Problem.” www.nysun.com. 16 Sept. 2008.

Copywright 2002-17 Two SL LLC, New York. Web. 7 Oct. 2017

Second paragraph in my paper, Preschool is beneficial for parents too.

This is the second paragraph in my research paper
Research is on "Why is preschool beneficial for both child and parent?"

     
 As the years go by school tragedies are beginning to rise causing parents to become more fearful and hesitant to place their child into school before the required age of 6 years old.  Most parents are filled with anxiety the first day of school with no other choice but to leave their child in the hands of a stranger.  Despite all the benefits preschool can provide for their child, all it takes is one horrible school tragedy to force the parent to withhold their child from optional education such as preschool.  The most resent school tragedy that affected the preschool attendance was the 2012 Sandy Hook shooting.  In 2012 a mentally disturbed man name Adam Lanza, walked into Sandy Hook Elementary in Newton, CT carrying multiple semi-automatic guns killing 26 people, twenty students under the age of 6 and six adults.  Based on a study done by Kids Count Data Center, there was a decline in preschool attendance the year following the shooting.  In 2011, there were 30,000 applicants as opposed to 29,000 in 2013 after the Sandy Hook school shooting.  As a parent myself I can relate to the fears that parents have with sending their child to school at an early age, but I’ve learned to put my fears aside and take full advantage of the benefits of preschool.  Placing your child in preschool is not only beneficial for the child but beneficial for the parents as well.  In 2014 preschool changed from part-time 3 days a week 8am-11am to full-time 5 days a week 8am-3pm allowing parents to hold employment if needed.  One benefit I can speak from experience is, preschool helped me and my daughter deal with separation anxiety.  The emotions a mother feels when having to leave her child with a stranger is unexplainable.  Placing my daughter into preschool at the age of 3 years old made it easy on the both this year.  We both were prepared and knew what to expect.  Another benefit parents receive from preschool is help with educating your child.  The education system has evolved and become much more challenging for students.  At times parents have a full plate and don’t have time to sit with their child.  Placing your child in preschool would guarantee your child has someone teaching them and preparing them for a more structured classroom as they move up in grade.  I’ve made many friends with the other parents at my daughter preschool.  Some working parents, some stay at home parents, we’ve developed a relationship.  Politician’s such as President Barrack Obama and New York City Mayor Bill De Blasio are big advocates for early educations.

(Next paragraph i'll talk about the politicians involvement in early educations )

"Head Start enrollment by age group" datacenter.kidscount.org. Mar 2014. The Annie E. Casey Foundation. Web. 2 Nov 2017


Professor's placeholder:
6th post—on three sources—is now due.